Effectiveness of Animated Video-Based Education in Improving Diabetes Self-Management Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Pekanbaru, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Blood Glucose Management Behavior,
Dietary Pattern,
Stress Management,
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Main Article Content
Carles Carles
Agrina Agrina
Muhammad Irwan
Eliza Fitria
Betty Nia Rulen
Agung Sutriyawan
Abstract
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus remains a major global health problem that requires effective self-management to prevent complications. Poor blood glucose management behavior, unhealthy dietary patterns, and inadequate stress management may worsen patients’ conditions. Educational interventions using audiovisual media, such as animated videos, have the potential to improve patients’ understanding and self-management behavior.
Aims: This study evaluated the effectiveness of animated video-based education in improving diabetes self-management among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Pekanbaru, Indonesia.
Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with intervention and control groups. A total of 200 participants were included, consisting of 100 participants in the intervention group and 100 participants in the control group. The intervention group received a 60-minute animated video-based education session, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected before and after the intervention using questionnaires. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and Cohen’s d.
Results: The results showed significant improvements in the intervention group in blood glucose management behavior (p<0.001; Cohen’s d=2.741), dietary patterns (p<0.001; Cohen’s d=3.506), and stress management (p<0.001; Cohen’s d=3.420). Independent t-test analysis also demonstrated significant differences in score changes between the intervention and control groups across all study variables (p<0.001), with very large effect sizes.
Conclusion: Animated video-based education was effective in improving blood glucose management behavior, dietary patterns, and stress management among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2026 Carles Carles, Agrina Agrina , Muhammad Irwan, Eliza Fitria, Betty Nia Rulen, Agung Sutriyawan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abel, E. D., Gloyn, A. L., Evans-Molina, C., Joseph, J. J., Misra, S., Pajvani, U. B., Simcox, J., Susztak, K., & Drucker, D. J. (2024). Diabetes mellitus Progress and opportunities in the evolving epidemic. Cell, 187(15), 3789–3820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.029
Aida, A., Svensson, T., Svensson, A. K., Urushiyama, H., Okushin, K., Oguri, G., Kubota, N., Koike, K., Nangaku, M., Kadowaki, T., Yamauchi, T., & Chung, U.-I. (2020). Using mHealth to Provide Mobile App Users With Visualization of Health Checkup Data and Educational Videos on Lifestyle-Related Diseases: Methodological Framework for Content Development. JMIR MHealth and UHealth, 8(10), e20982. https://doi.org/10.2196/20982
Aini, N., Sustriawan, B., Wahyuningsih, N., & Mela, E. (2022). Blood Sugar, Haemoglobin and Malondialdehyde Levels in Diabetic White Rats Fed a Diet of Corn Flour Cookies. Foods, 11(12), 1819. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121819
Almutairi, J. S., Almigbal, T. H., Alruhaim, H. Y., Mujammami, M. H., AlMogbel, T. A., Alshahrani, A. M., Al Zahrani, A. M., Batais, M. A., & Shaik, S. A. (2022). Self-awareness of HbA1c and its association with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Medical Journal, 43(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.3.20210536
Alyami, M., Serlachius, A., Law, M., Murphy, R., Almigbal, T. H., Lyndon, M., Batais, M. A., Algaw, R. K., & Broadbent, E. (2022). Utility and Acceptability of a Brief Type 2 Diabetes Visual Animation: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. JMIR Formative Research, 6(8), e35079. https://doi.org/10.2196/35079
Baraz, S., Zarea, K., & Shahbazian, H. B. (2017). Impact of the self-care education program on quality of life in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 11, S1065–S1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.07.043
Carles, C., Girsang, E., & Nasution, A. N. (2025). Self Awareness Behaviour Model in Controlling Blood Sugar Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Based on Animated Video Media. Journal of Carcinogenesis. https://doi.org/10.64149/j.carcinog.24.4s.134-143
Chang, C., Hwang, G., & Gau, M. (2021). Promoting students’ learning achievement and self‐efficacy: A mobile chatbot approach for nursing training. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(1), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13158
Correia, J. C., Waqas, A., Huat, T. S., Gariani, K., Jornayvaz, F. R., Golay, A., & Pataky, Z. (2022). Effectiveness of Therapeutic Patient Education Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 14(18), 3807. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183807
Deshpande, N., Wu, M., Kelly, C., Woodrick, N., Werner, D. A., Volerman, A., & Press, V. G. (2023). Video-Based Educational Interventions for Patients With Chronic Illnesses: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25. https://doi.org/10.2196/41092
Ehasanbakhsh, H., Mirzaei, A., Bakhtiyari, S., Zavare, M. S. A., & Jalilian, M. (2020). The Effect of Stress Management Program on Perceived Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Current Diabetes Reviews, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399817666201228162950
Ellahi, B., Dikmen, D., Seyhan-Erdoğan, B., Karabulut, O. F., Aitken, A., Agbozo, F., & Zotor, F. B. (2023). Prevalence, Risk Factors, And Self-Awareness For Hypertension And Diabetes: Rural–Urban And Male–Female Dimensions From A Cross-Sectional Study in Ghana. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 43(5), 694–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01141-9
Ernawati, U., Wihastuti, T. A., & Utami, Y. W. (2021). Effectiveness of Diabetes Self-Management Education (Dsme) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2Dm) Patients: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Public Health Research, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2240
Ervina, Yanti Harahap, Abdul Muhith, Akas Yekti Pulih Asih, & Siti Nur Hasina. (2025). The Effect of Video-Based Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) Telenursing on Level of Knowledge in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Journal Of Nursing Practice, 9(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v9i1.652
Fadli, F., Uly, N., Safruddin, S., Darmawan, S., & Batupadang, M. (2023). Analysis of Self-Regulation Model To Improvement Of Self-Care Capability In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(6), 2024082. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024082
Feeley, T. H., Keller, M., & Kayler, L. K. (2022). Using Animated Videos to Increase Patient Knowledge: A Meta-Analytic Review. Health Education & Behavior, 50(2), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981221116791
Gupta, A. K., Shemer, A., Economopoulos, V., & Talukder, M. (2024). Diabetic Foot and Fungal Infections: Etiology and Management from a Dermatologic Perspective. Journal of Fungi, 10(8), 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080577
Goudet, S., Bogin, B., Madise, N., & Griffiths, P. (2019). Nutritional Interventions For Preventing Stunting In Children (Birth To 59 Months) Living In Urban Slums In Low- And Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011695.pub2
Hassan, F., & Hatah, E. (2022). An Analytical Exploration of Various Non-Pharmacological Approaches Utilized in Managing Diabetes Among Patients in Malaysia. International Journal of Social and Psychological Aspects of Healthcare, 2(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.51847/jmkuhoebqx
Hoe, C. Y. W., Ahmad, B., & Watterson, J. (2024). The use of videos for diabetes patient education: A systematic review. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3722
Hossain, Md. J., Al‐Mamun, Md., & Islam, Md. R. (2024). Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused. Health Science Reports, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.2004
IDF. (2025). Diabetes Atlas 11th edition 2025. International Diabetes Federation. https://idf.org/about-diabetes/diabetes-facts-figures/
İkizler, T. A., Burrowes, J. D., Byham‐Gray, L., Campbell, K. L., Carrero, J. J., Chan, W., Fouque, D., Friedman, A. N., Ghaddar, S., Goldstein-Fuchs, D. J., Kaysen, G. A., Kopple, J. D., Teta, D., Wang, A. Y., & Cuppari, L. (2020). KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 76(3). https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.006
Kemenkes RI. (2023). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/hasil-ski-2023/
Liu, W., Wang, Q., Zheng, D., Mei, J., Lu, J., Chen, G., Wang, W., & Ding, F. (2024). The Effects of a Complex Interactive Multimodal Intervention on Personalized Stress Management Among Health Care Workers in China: Nonrandomized Controlled Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26. https://doi.org/10.2196/45422
Marni, L., Armaita, A., Yoselina, P., & Anggita, K. D. (2025). Pengaruh Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) Terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pariaman Kota Pariaman Tahun 2022. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas (Journal of Community Health), 11(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.Vol11.Iss1.2076
Najihah, R. A., Indriyawati, N., & Hartoyo, M. (2021). Development of Audio Visual Health Education Media About Self Management in Patients Type II Diabetes Mellitus. JENDELA NURSING JOURNAL, 5(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.31983/jnj.v5i1.6893
Nguyen, T. T., Pu, C., Waits, A., Tran, T. D., Ngo, T. H., Huynh, Q. T. V., & Huang, S.-L. (2023). Transforming Stress Program On Medical Students’ Stress Mindset And Coping Strategies: A Quasi-Experimental Study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 587. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04559-9
Nooseisai, M., Viwattanakulvanid, P., Kumar, R., Viriyautsahakul, N., Baloch, G. M., & Somrongthong, R. (2021). Effects of Diabetes Self-Management Education Program On Lowering Blood Glucose Level, Stress, And Quality Of Life Among Females With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 22. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1463423621000505
Paes, R. G., Mantovani, M. de F., Costa, M. C., Pereira, A. C. L., Kalinke, L. P., & Moreira, R. C. (2022). Effects of Educational Intervention On Health Literacy And Knowledge About Diabetes: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Escola Anna Nery, 26. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2021-0313en
Patnaik, L., Joshi, A., & Sahu, T. (2015). Mobile Phone-Based Education And Counseling To Reduce Stress Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital of India. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.156267
Pichayapinyo, P., Sompopcharoen, M., Thiangtham, W., Sillabutra, J., Meekaew, P., Bureerat, B., & Somboonkaew, A. (2024). Perceptions Of The 2D Short Animated Videos For Literacy Against Chronic Diseases Among Adults With Diabetes And/Or Hypertension: A Qualitative Study In Primary Care Clinics. BMC Primary Care, 25(1), 374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-024-02621-z
Ratri, D. M. N., Hamidah, K. F., Puspitasari, A. D., & Farid, M. (2020). Video-Based Health Education to Support Insulin Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1849
Rollo, M. E., Aguiar, E. J., Williams, R. L., Wynne, K., Kriss, M., Callister, R., & Collins, C. E. (2016). Health Technologies To Support Nutrition And Physical Activity Behaviors In Diabetes Self-Management. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 9, 381–390. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S95247
Tamiru, S., Dugassa, M., Amsalu, B., Bidira, K., Bacha, L., & Tsegaye, D. (2023). Effects Of Nurse-Led Diabetes Self-Management Education On Self-Care Knowledge And Self-Care Behavior Among Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending Diabetes Follow Up Clinic: A Quasi-Experimental Study Design. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 18, 100548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100548
Tao, Y., Zhang, R., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Guo, H., Huang, Y., & Fang, C. (2026). Quality And Reliability Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus–Related Short Videos On Bilibili And Tiktok: A Cross-Sectional Assessment Study. Digital Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076261444042
Virda, N. A., Ari Kurniyanti, M., & Dwi Sulaksono, A. (2024). Effectiveness of Animation Video about Diabetes Mellitus Self-Care Management on The Level of Knowledge among Elderly. Health and Technology Journal (HTechJ), 2(5), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.53713/htechj.v2i5.262
WHO. (2024). Urgent Action Needed As Global Diabetes Cases Increase Four-Fold Over Past Decades. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-11-2024-urgent-action-needed-as-global-diabetes-cases-increase-four-fold-over-past-decades
Yadav, U., Kumar, N., & Sarvottam, K. (2023). Role of Obesity Related Inflammation In Pathogenesis Of Peripheral Artery Disease In Patients Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 22(1), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-023-01221-5
Zareban, I., Niknami, S., Hidarnia, A., Rakhshani, F., Shamsi, M., & Karimy, M. (2014). Effective Intervention of Self-Care on Glycaemia Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(12). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.8311